Archives par mot-clé : 19ème siècle

19ème siècle

Vic Clarke (Leeds), “’Reviewing Radical Literature in the Chartist Press (1840s)” (9 avril)

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Jeudi 9 avril à 17h, salle D421, Maison de la Recherche, 28 rue Serpente, Paris 6e

The Northern Star (1837-1852) was the leading newspaper of the Chartist movement in Britain. Its creators actively worked for the pages to offer a ‘complete record’ of this political movement – including its literary culture. While the poetry, fiction, and drama of the Chartist movement has been discussed in its own right by scholars including Mike Sanders, Rob Breton, and Gregory Vargo, the Star also participated in national discourse of literary criticism. By focussing on the Literature and Reviews column, this paper will explore the ways that the Star made literary critics of its activist readers and contributors, as well as transgressing class boundaries to put the newest literary contributions of tastemakers such as Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine in the hands of working-class readers during the hungry forties.

Juliette Desportes, “Sur les traces du petit métayer : les réformes agraires ‘from below’ dans les Highlands écossaises du XVIIIe siècle” (12 mars)

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 Jeudi 12 mars 2026 à 17h, salle D421

Juliette Desportes (University of the Highlands and Islands) :  «  Sur les traces du petit métayer : les réformes agraires ‘from below’ dans les Highlands écossaises du XVIIIe siècle » 

Entre 1750 et 1820, les Highlands écossaises ont subi un processus de « développement » (improvement) marqué par le remembrement et la commercialisation et privatisation croissante des terres. Souvent qualifiée de « première phase des Clearances », cette période s’ouvre et se clôt sur la défaite des troupes jacobites à Culloden en 1746 et l’expulsion massive des populations à partir de 1790. Ce récit a mis en lumière la détresse du petit métayer devenu ‘crofter’, victime des lois du marché et de la cupidité des grands propriétaires terriens. Son rôle dans l’adoption ou le rejet de ces ‘improvements’ des terres a été occulté par le grand paradigme qui domine l’histoire des Clearances : d’abord la défaite des Highlanders sur le champ de bataille en 1746, ensuite l’expropriation de leurs terres dans les décennies suivantes et, enfin, leur exploitation sur des exploitations de plus en plus petites jusqu’à l’éruption des “Crofters’ Wars” des années 1880. En retraçant cette chronologie, cette présentation nous ramène à la période post-Culloden et examine comment les métayers, les cottars, et les sans-terre des Highlands ont non seulement vécu l’« amélioration » agraire, mais aussi tenté d’en façonner les objectifs grâce à diverses stratégies.

Juliette Desportes est Postdoctoral Research Assistant à la University of the Highlands and Islands

Richard Whatmore, « Free States and fanaticism » (29 jan. 2026)

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29 janvier 2026 à 17h

Richard Whatmore (U. St Andrews): « Free States and fanaticism »

We have lived, perhaps since the French Revolution, in a unique historical era, a situation that our ancestors could not have anticipated, in which free states have become the dominant form of state. Yet the dominion of free states has been accompanied by conflicts and terrors unimaginable by those who lived in former eras.  Free states have been involved in, and continue to foster so regularly, so much war, murder, hell and death. This talk considers the relationship between free states and fanaticism, from the time in the eighteenth century when free states were endangered species, and after.

Anon., Revolution Anniversary or, Patriotic Incantations (1791), © The Trustees of the British Museum

 

Oscar Webber, “Negotiating relief and freedom: Responses to disaster in the British Caribbean, 1812-1907” (18 déc.)

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Jeudi 18 décembre 2025 à 17h : Oscar Webber (University of Bradford), autour de son livre Negotiating relief and freedom: Responses to disaster in the British Caribbean, 1812-1907 (Manchester University Press, 2023)

Maison de la Recherche de Sorbonne Université (28 rue Serpente, Paris 6e, M° Odéon ou Saint-Michel), salle S001.

 

« Negotiating relief and freedom is an investigation of short- and long-term responses to disaster in the British Caribbean colonies during the ‘long’ nineteenth century. It explores how colonial environmental degradation made their inhabitants both more vulnerable to and expanded the impact of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It shows that British approaches to disaster ‘relief’ prioritised colonial control and ‘fiscal prudence’ ahead of the relief of suffering. In turn, that this pattern played out continuously in the long nineteenth century is a reminder that in the Caribbean the transition from slavery to waged labour was not a clean one. Times of crisis brought racial and social tensions to the fore and freedoms once granted, were often quickly curtailed. »

 

Tom Wright, ‘The Politics of Inarticulacy: Oracy, Education, and Mid-Victorian Reform’ (20 nov.)

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Jeudi 20 novembre 2025 à  17h : Tom Wright (university of Sussex), ‘The Politics of Inarticulacy: Oracy, Education, and Mid-Victorian Reform’

Maison de la Recherche de Sorbonne Université (28 rue Serpente, Paris 6e, M° Odéon ou Saint-Michel), salle S001.

This paper examines the intellectual history of inarticulacy and its role in shaping ideas of citizenship in nineteenth-century Britain. Between the Reform Act of 1832 and the Education Act of 1870, political thinkers and reformers repeatedly framed the “inarticulate” working class as morally and intellectually unfit for participation in public life. I analyse how this idea developed across political speeches, educational reports, and literary and journalistic sources. I then offset these elite claims about working-class inarticulacy with debates within the Chartist and wider labour movements over the moral and political value of speaking and listening. By reconstructing this debate, the paper makes a claim for oracy – a modern educational term for ‘speaking and listening’- as a neglected but valuable lens for historians of ideas, education, politics and citizenship. I show how ideas about working class inarticulacy still impact the neglect of ‘voice’ in British state education and reflect on how the age of generative AI is bringing oracy to the forefront of modern pedagogy.

Ali Hatapçı, “Geographies of Science in Victorian England: Natural History in the Midlands” (19 oct.)

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Jeudi 19 octobre à 17h, salle S001 :

Ali Hatapci  (Université de Bourgogne) : “Geographies of Science in Victorian England: Natural History in the Midlands”

Characterised by a strong amateur tradition, scientific research in nineteenth-century Britain depended largely on voluntary associations. Although London boasted the majority of Britain’s most esteemed scientific institutions, the provinces also cultivated thriving scientific communities. Organising lectures, soirées, establishing museums, and publishing; literary and philosophical, natural history societies and clubs across the country helped shape urban culture, as well as produce new knowledge. This paper will examine the organisation and practice of natural history in the provinces by focusing on the English Midlands. Encompassing twelve historic counties in central England, the Midlands offers a rare chance to study the spatial organisation of science on various scales: town, county, region. By looking into the activities, geographical perceptions, self-assigned duties of the scientific societies, this paper will explore science and sociability in the provinces in the latter half of the century.

 

Ali Hatapçı is a senior lecturer in British history at Université Bourgogne Europe, with research interests in the history of science, periodicals, and life in the provinces. His publications include articles on English county Floras, the Gardeners’ Chronicle, digital illustration archives, and the popularisation of mycology (to appear).

Programme 2025-2026

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Le séminaire a lieu le jeudi de 17h à 18h30, à la Maison de la Recherche, 28 rue Serpente, Paris 6e.

9 octobre 2025 à 17h, salle S002 : Chloé Luneau : « La question nationale dans les mobilisations gaies et lesbiennes dans les deux Irlande (années 1970-1980) » ; Lucas Privet (doctorant ENS Ulm – Sorbonne Université) : « “Home Colonization” et “Land Plan” : quelle place pour l’Irlande dans le projet chartiste de mise en culture des terres en friche ? » ; et Caroline Seyer (doctorante à l’université Paris-Cité) : « Maternité lesbienne et santé des femmes : Penser l’intime ou le politique au sein des lieux militants britanniques, 1970-1990 »

 23 octobre à 17h, salle S001 :  Ali Hatapci  (Université de Bourgogne) : “Geographies of Science in Victorian England: Natural History in the Midlands”

 6 novembre à 17h, salle S001 : Rory Naismith (Cambridge) : ‘Anglo-Saxon London’

 20 novembre à 17h, salle S002 :  Tom Wright (Sussex), ‘The Politics of Oracy and Mid-Victorian Voting Reform” 

 4 décembre à 17h, salle S001 : Antti Taipale (Helsinki), “Perspectives on religion as a tool of war in the English Civil War”

 18 décembre à 17h, salle S001:  Oscar Webber (London School of Economics), autour de son livre Negotiating relief and freedom:  Responses to disaster in the British Caribbean, 1812-1907 (Manchester University Press, 2023)

 29 janvier 2026 à 17h, salle D421 : Richard Whatmore (St Andrews), “Free states and fanaticism”

 12 février à 17h, salle D421: Ann Thomson (émérite IUE-Florence), “Countering Islamophobia and Catholicism in Grub Street: Joseph Morgan, an early 18th C cultural go-between”

 26 février à 17h, salle D421 : Laure Piguet (Fribourg / Centre Marc Bloch, Berlin) : « Enquêter sur sa condition. Fabrication et usages des savoirs par les prisonniers londoniens au XVIIIe siècle »

 12 mars à 17h, salle D421: Juliette Desportes (Highlands), “Resistance to Improvement in the Highlands and Islands, 1750-1820”

 26 mars à 17h, salle D421: Claire Schiano-Locurcio (Montpellier), « Des religieuses en exil : survie et essor du catholicisme anglais aux XVIIᵉ et XVIIIᵉ siècles »

 9 avril à 17h, salle D421: Vic Clarke (Leeds), “’Reviewing Radical Literature in the Chartist Press (1840s)”

7 mai à 17h, salle D421 : Ole Birk Laursen (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science), ‘Exile has its privileges’: the Indian revolutionary movement in Europe, 1905–1918″ 

Fabienne Moine, “Donner une voix aux silencieux de l’histoire : écrits d’indigents dans les institutions de secours (Angleterre, 1840-1900)” (22 mai)

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Jeudi 22 mai à 17h : Fabienne Moine (IMAGER, UPEC): ‘« Donner une voix aux silencieux de l’histoire : écrits d’indigents dans les institutions de secours (Angleterre, 1840-1900)’.

Résumé : La grande majorité de la documentation sur les workhouses ou les casual wards au XIXe siècle émane des instances du pouvoir. Mais il existe un certain nombre de sources produites par les indigents eux-mêmes. Ces sources sont certes limitées en nombre, mais elles font l’objet de recherches récentes comme les autobiographies ou les lettres de plainte. Cette présentation porte sur un autre type d’écrit produit depuis les institutions sociales : les poèmes qui sont relativement nombreux et peuvent être considérés, avec leurs spécificités, à la fois comme un véritable sous-genre poétique, comme une forme autobiographique et comme une autre source de l’histoire des institutions sociales. Il s’agira d’examiner les raisons qui ont poussé certains indigents à choisir le genre poétique et d’analyser la manière dont les institutions, tout en imposant leurs systèmes de règles, ont encouragé la production d’une forme de « workhouse poetry » et la construction du « workhouse poet ». L’objectif de cette présentation est de mettre en évidence la complexité des réponses des indigents et une certaine capacité à agir face au pouvoir institutionnel. En explorant cette pratique de l’écrit assez largement répandue au sein des workhouses, il s’agit de complexifier notre vision de l’inhumanité de ces institutions sociales. 

Fabienne Moine est professeure de civilisation britannique à l’UPEC. Ses recherches concernent les pratiques sociales et culturelles des classes populaires à l’époque victorienne. Ses travaux récents portent sur la poésie populaire produite au sein des institutions de secours victoriennes, comme les workhouses ou les asiles.

Simeon Koole: ‘Lines of Force: Bodies, Tides, and the Scales of Global History in London’s Docklands, c.1870-1928’ (10 avril)

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Jeudi 10 avril à 17h : Simeon Koole (Bristol): ‘Lines of Force: Bodies, Tides, and the Scales of Global History in London’s Docklands, c.1870-1928’.

 

Abstract : This paper examines changes in the bodies and environment of labourers carrying timber imported into London’s docks to provide a history of global capitalism from the ground up. Moving between London and Sweden between the 1860s and 1920s, it shows how microphysical changes in docker skeletons, the wood they carried, and rivers in both countries materialized and modified ‘macro’-level changes in tides, forestry, and shipping. Repurposing the concept ‘lines of force’ from nineteenth-century physics, the paper argues that lines—material, temporal, and spatial—reveal hidden relations between bodies and environments than those traced by global history’s typical focus on the movement of people and things. Lines etched into bones or running through tree grain show how humans and other-than-humans were exposed to one another across varying distances, and how this exposure accentuated under industrial capitalism. Second, they show how this mutual exposure operated over multiple timescales, from a worker’s lifetime to century-long changes in tree growth and river flows. Finally, such lines reveal how ‘the world’ was not simply a space which steamships crossed but a predicament, unique to and made by the relations living beings had with one another.

 

Simeon Koole est senior lecturer en Histoire à l’université de Bristol. Il est l’auteur de Intimate Subjects: Touch and Tangibility in Britain’s Cerebral Age (Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press 2024)

Amélie Bonney et Christelle Gomis: “Standardizing Deficiency: Eugenic theories and the shaping of race, class and gender dynamics in Britain (1880-1970s)” (13 fév.)

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Jeudi 13 février à 17h : Amélie Bonney et Christelle Gomis: “Standardizing Deficiency: Eugenic theories and the shaping of race, class and gender dynamics in Britain (1880-1970s)”

This panel investigates the long-lasting effects of theories of race and social hierarchy which developed during the nineteenth century in Britain. Focusing on educational and working environments, it shows how these theories contributed to shaping power dynamics in Britain from the late 1880s to the 1970s, focusing specifically on the ways it intersected with race and gender dynamics as well as with debates about the family. Améie Bonney’s paper explores the rise of occupational medicine as a field at the turn of the twentieth century, and shows how eugenic thought contributed to shaping the ways in which some of the symptoms of white lead poisoning were understood and addressed, focusing particularly on female workers. Christelle Gomis’s paper examines the influence of eugenic ideologies on the British education system during the post-war period, specifically in the context of Caribbean migration during the Windrush Era (1948-1971). It explores how these ideologies shaped the categorization and treatment of Caribbean children within the subnormal school system, highlighting the racial biases embedded within educational policies. By analyzing archival materials from the Inner London Education Authority and the Black Parents Movements, the project sheds light on the social and economic ramifications of such segregation and the advocacy efforts by parents, educators, and activists to push for educational reforms and challenge these injustices.

“The rise of occupational medicine, eugenics and debates over the risks of lead poisoning in Britain”

Amélie Bonney, D.Phil History of Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Oxford, UK / PRAG, Faculté des Sciences, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France – amelie.bonney@gmail.com

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, debates surrounding the legislation of workmen’s compensation made it necessary to better define thresholds of acceptable levels of toxicity in order to decide who could claim compensation. This renewed interest in occupational diseases fuelled new publications focusing specifically on the ‘diseases of occupations’ in Britain. While this raised hopes for a specialized study of dangerous work environments and the toxic substances that affected workers, in reality, the approaches of occupational physicians and industrial hygienists were also shaped by contemporary debates on eugenics and fears over the degeneration of the race. Racial theories developing in the second half of the nineteenth century – at a time of economic depression, rising social tensions and challenges to Britain’s imperial rule – significantly affected the ways in which occupational diseases were explained. In 1857, Bénédict Morel’s work on degenerescence investigated the effects of poisons such as white lead on the physiognomy of workers, an approach which subsequently persisted in the work of British experts. The standardisation of occupational medicine as a field cannot be dissociated from eugenic theories developed in the aftermath of Francis Galton’s publication of Hereditary Work on Genius (1869). Prominent figures in the field of occupational medicine such as Thomas Oliver and Thomas Arlidge approached some of the effects of lead poisoning through this lens. In particular, one major source of concern was the effect on motherhood and on the fitness of future generations, which was an argument promoted to further regulate some trades, however establishing distinctions based on gendered lines. The concerns of medical practitioners contrast with working-class women’s use of white lead as an abortive, which shows that far from being only victims of the substance, they also used it with an understanding of some of its effects.

Far from being ignorant of the toxic effects of white lead, workers also had an understanding of the risks they were subjected to. A history from below of workers’ knowledge of risks thus allows us to argue that there also existed an alternative form of knowledge of risks to the one developed by official ‘experts’.

“Eugenics, Postcolonial Migration, and the Fight for Meritocratic Education in Post-War Britain (1920s-1970s)”

Christelle Gomis, Ph.D, EUI, Florence, Italy – christelle.gomis@eui.eu

In the aftermath of World War II, the UK’s educational system faced significant challenges as it grappled with the consequences of eugenic ideologies and the impact of Caribbean migration. This paper examines how eugenics influenced the development of the subnormal school system, particularly in the context of post-war immigration. The placement of Caribbean children in these schools highlights the racial biases embedded within educational policies of the time. The legacy of eugenics in Britain, deeply intertwined with the educational policies of the 20th century, cannot be overlooked. Prominent eugenic theories that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries continued to shape societal views on intelligence and disability. These theories, which emphasized heredity and the prevention of “racial degeneration,” significantly impacted the categorization and treatment of children deemed “subnormal.” The interwar period (1918-1939) played a crucial role in embedding eugenic ideas within the British educational and social systems. During this time, the eugenics movement gained substantial traction, influencing public policies and educational practices. Reports and studies from this period, such as the Wood Report of 1929, reinforced the exclusion of mostly lower-class children based on perceived intellectual deficiencies, often informed by eugenic principles. This era also saw the establishment of special schools and classes for children deemed mentally defective, which laid the groundwork for the subnormal schools that proliferated in the post-war years. The arrival of Caribbean migrants during the Windrush era (1948-1971) added a new dimension to these issues, as many children from these communities were unjustly placed in subnormal schools. This placement was influenced by eugenic beliefs that linked race with intellectual capability and by a broader socio-political context that viewed these children through a lens of deficiency. Key legislative frameworks, such as the 1944 Education Act, and critical reports like the 1978 Warnock Report, played pivotal roles in shaping and eventually challenging these discriminatory practices. The experiences of Caribbean children in London subnormal schools are critical for understanding the broader impact of eugenics on British education. Education reports from the Inner London Education Authority reveal the ambivalences of an institution caught between an emerging anti-racist awareness and fears of overcrowding. Archives from the Black Parents Movement shed light on the experiences of those affected, detailing the social and economic ramifications of such segregation. They also highlight the advocacy and resistance efforts by parents, educators, and activists, who played a crucial role in pushing for educational reforms and exposing the injustices faced by these communities.

Clara Dean, “Écossais et Écossaises à Paris au XVIIIe siècle”, Joelle Gorno, “Women’s involvement in Welsh local politics before the suffrage, 1869-1928”, et Balkis Mougou, “Populism and the Conservative Party: Tracing the Intellectual Roots of a Political Discourse (1974-2010)” (19 déc.)

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Jeudi 19 décembre : Clara Dean, “Écossais et Écossaises à Paris au XVIIIe siècle”, Joelle Gorno, “Women’s involvement in Welsh local politics before the suffrage, 1869-1928”, et Balkis Mougou, “Populism and the Conservative Party: Tracing the Intellectual Roots of a Political Discourse (1974-2010)”

​Clara Dean (Sorbonne Université) : “Écossais et Écossaises à Paris au XVIIIe siècle : circulations, interactions, intégration ?”

S’intéressant aux mobilités et migrations, cette communication se concentrera sur le cas des Écossais et Écossaises se rendant à Paris entre 1715 et 1793. L’analyse portera sur leurs motivations et trajectoires, ainsi que sur leur possible intégration dans la société parisienne. Une attention particulière sera accordée aux journaux de voyage, sources particulièrement précieuses pour cette étude.

 

Joelle Gorno (Sorbonne Université), “A voice before the vote: Women’s involvement in Welsh local politics before the suffrage, 1869-1928”

In the fifty years prior to the Representation of the People Act 1928, securing universal suffrage for over twenty-one year olds, male and female, across the United Kingdom, Welsh women’s involvement in local politics proved significant. There are three major dimensions in which Welsh women were active prior to being granted the vote on a national scale; firstly participating in local government and elections, secondly as full members on school boards, and lastly, as Poor Law guardians. These achievements were made possible thanks to the passing of legislation in the second half of the nineteenth century, making slight reforms towards gender equality in the public sphere.

Who were these female activists? Some were wives of politicians and ministers, others industrialists, nurses or teachers. Though many were certainly from the middle and upper classes, there has been proof of some working-class involvement, which is to be expected considering Wales’ vast working-class population. Though many of these women faced prejudice and discrimination for their sex, and almost all of them were ostracised and ridiculed by the press, they continued to push for change. Established Victorian attitudes to women’s role in society were being challenged and the idea that women could be significant participants in political activity was put in place.

 

Balkis Mougou (CY Cergy Paris Université / Université de Bourgogne), “Populism and the Conservative Party: Tracing the Intellectual Roots of a Political Discourse (1974-2010)”

The Conservative Party has been shaped by a number of controversial figures whose ideologies align with populist tendencies, significantly influencing the party’s direction and political discourse. A shared stream of ideas has united these politicians, offering the party a new perspective that can be retrospectively characterized as populist. This ongoing research investigates the emergence and evolution of populist discourse within the Conservative Party in the UK, focusing on the period from 1974 to 2010.

Situated at the crossroads of the history of political ideas and political science, this research aims to uncover the intellectual roots of a distinct form of populism unique to the British Conservative Party. By analyzing key speeches, policies, and political strategies, the study will offer a fresh, historically expansive view of how these ideas evolved into a populist dimension. Drawing on contemporary theories of populism, this thesis will provide new insights into the role of populism in shaping the modern Conservative Party, shedding light on how populist narratives have transformed the party’s political identity.

Slimane Hargas : “Circulations transimpériales, représentations croisées et divergences paradigmatiques: les analogies entre les conflits anglo-irlandais et franco-algérien, 1830-1998” (21 nov.)

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Jeudi 21 novembre à 17h: Slimane Hargas (Nanterre) – “Circulations transimpériales, représentations croisées et divergences paradigmatiques: les analogies entre les conflits anglo-irlandais et franco-algérien, 1830-1998”

Depuis les premières années de la conquête de l’Algérie (1830-1901) jusqu’à la signature de l’Accord du Vendredi Saint (1998), un nombre substantiel d’analogies entre la question d’Irlande – puis celle d’Irlande du Nord – et celle de l’Algérie sont venues se greffer sur des discours produits par divers acteurs politiques de chaque époque : les élites coloniales françaises, les indépendantistes algériens, les nationalistes et républicains irlandais, ainsi que les décideurs et les parlementaires britanniques.

Au XIXe siècle, la recommandation insistante de ne pas « faire de l’Algérie une nouvelle Irlande » ainsi que l’affirmation solennelle « l’Algérie, c’est notre Irlande » et l’avertissement « la France aura son Irlande en Algérie » prennent souvent figure de slogans : ils sont scandés dans le dessein bien arrêté de s’inscrire en faux contre tel aspect ou tel autre de la politique coloniale. Dès les années 1920, les nationalistes algériens commencent à se prendre de passion pour l’histoire de l’Irlande. Si négative qu’ait pu être l’appréciation qu’ils ont faite du Traité anglo-irlandais de 1921, leur souhait est de rééditer l’exploit de cette « vaillante petite nation » qui a réussi à « vaincre l’ogre anglais ». Plus tard, pendant les Troubles, le rapport d’exemplarité s’inverse : des républicains irlandais militent pour ce que Harold Wilson appelle lui-même une « solution algérienne », également connue sous l’appellation de « solution gaullienne », un thème récurrent dans les sphères politique et médiatique à cette période.

Dans le cadre de cette communication, il s’agira donc de proposer une fresque historique de ce phénomène analogique qui a perduré plus d’un siècle et demi. Elle aura pour objet d’analyser comment Français et Algériens représentent le conflit anglo-irlandais et s’identifient à ses protagonistes ; et, inversement, comment Britanniques et Irlandais perçoivent leur histoire commune à la lumière du conflit franco-algérien.

 

Slimane Hargas est maître de conférences en civilisation britannique et irlandaise à l’Université Paris Nanterre.

Eleonore Chanlat-Bernard, « La mise à l’agenda du problème des famines par l’État colonial britannique au Bengale en 1866 » (7 nov.)

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Jeudi 7 novembre à 17h : Eleonore Chanlat-Bernard, « La mise à l’agenda du problème des famines par l’État colonial britannique au Bengale en 1866 »

 

En 1865-1866 une grave famine frappe l’Orissa, une région située au sud des territoires relevant du gouvernement britannique du Bengale. Près d’un siècle après la famine de 1770, qui marqua les débuts de la domination coloniale britannique au Bengale, et près de quinze ans après la fin de la grande famine irlandaise, plus d’un million d’Indiens meurent de faim. La gestion désastreuse de la famine par les autorités coloniales britanniques suscite un scandale public dans la capitale coloniale et en métropole. En réponse à cette mise en cause, en particulier par les élites de Calcutta, la capitale coloniale, les autorités impériales nomment une commission d’enquête chargée d’analyser les échecs et de proposer des recommandations pour lutter contre la famine. La famine devient donc un problème public au Bengale, dont les administrateurs rendent compte.

L’intervention se fera en deux temps. Elle présentera d’abord l’émergence d’un scandale public autour de la gestion désastreuse de la famine par les autorités coloniales. Comment l’inaction publique est-elle mise en cause dans un contexte de domination coloniale ? Par quels acteurs ? Avec quels enjeux ? Puis l’intervention abordera le travail de la commission d’enquête en revenant sur la genèse de la commission, sur les différentes catégories d’acteurs qui s’en emparent, sur ses principales conclusions, sur sa réception politique à Calcutta et à Londres, mais aussi sur ses limites. Une de ses principales conséquences est cependant le développement et l’organisation des savoirs d’État sur la pénurie.

 

 

Eléonore Chanlat-Bernard travaille sur un projet doctoral qui porte sur les politiques de la pénurie dans l’empire britannique au XIXe siècle, à partir du cas des famines au Bengale sous domination coloniale. Elle a publié plusieurs articles sur le sujet. Ancienne élève de l’ENS Ulm, agrégée d’histoire, elle enseigne l’histoire contemporaine et la géographie au lycée.

Jane Humphries, ‘“The best job in the world”: breadwinning and the capture of household labour in 19th and early 20th-century British coal mining’ (8/12)

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Jeudi 8 décembre 2022 à 17h (salle D421 à Serpente) :

Jane Humphries (Oxford / LSE ), ‘“The best job in the world”: breadwinning and the capture of household labour in 19th and early 20th-century British coal mining’

This paper, written with Ryah Thomas, explores the effects of gender inequality and women’s disempowerment in the context of historical coalmining. Across the US and Europe, ex-coalmining regions are characterized by significant deprivation. While there are many reasons for persistent problems, this study focuses on the restrictions imposed on women’s involvement in economic life. Families in mining communities exemplified the male breadwinner structure, in which men’s earnings supported wives and children who provided domestic services in return. This article, however, exposes a different reality of household economics and relations of dominance and subordination: All family members were integrated into the coalmining production process and the creation of profit. Women’s unpaid work did not simply provide domestic comfort; it transferred well-being from women and children to men and simultaneously contributed to the colliery companies’ profits. These findings revise accounts of mining families while providing insight into the intransigence of deprivation in ex-coalmining areas.

Ann Towns: « Globalizing the Exclusion of Women from Politics in the Long Nineteenth Century »

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Ann Towns de l’Université de Göteborg, présentera sa communication « Globalizing the Exclusion of Women from Politics in the Long Nineteenth Century » le jeudi 6 octobre, de 17h30 à 19h30. Maison de la Recherche, 28 rue Serpente, Paris 6e , salle D421.

Résumé :

This seminar focuses on the importance of gender in the British-dominated nineteenth century society of states. More specifically, the seminar pulls together scholarship in history to provide a grand narrative – a macro-historical account — of the centrality of gender in the development and globalization of state polities between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. The talk first focuses on the diverse ways in which gender was organized in polities around the world in the eighteenth and nineteenth century – some polities included female rule, whereas others were male dominated. The talk then shows that this diversity gave way to more uniform exclusion of women, as the barring of female political power became an informal standard of civilization in international society, embedded in British and French colonialism and scientific ideas. The expansion of the ideas and practices of British-dominated international society thus helped spread and standardize male rule, displacing gender arrangements that empowered women politically in Africa, Native America and Asia. This history is particularly important in light of contemporary assumptions about the Anglo-American origins of the political empowerment of women.